What are induced dipole-dipole interactions?

Induced dipole-dipole interactions occur when a nonpolar molecule experiences a temporary polarization due to the vicinity of a polar molecule or an ion. In this scenario, the electric field produced by the polar species can cause the electrons in the nonpolar molecule to shift slightly, creating a momentary dipole. This temporary dipole can then induce a dipole in a neighboring molecule, leading to an attractive force between the polar and nonpolar molecules.

The process is essentially driven by the movement of electrons around the nucleus of atoms, which enables the formation of these momentary dipoles. This interaction is particularly significant in scenarios where nonpolar molecules come into contact with polar substances, leading to physical properties such as solubility and boiling points.

Other options do not accurately describe induced dipole-dipole interactions. The first option describes attractions between polar molecules, which is not applicable here since induced dipole-dipole interactions specifically involve nonpolar molecules. The third option inaccurately states that these interactions are only present in gases; they can also occur in liquids and solids when nonpolar substances interact with polar ones. The last option suggests a more permanent bond formation, while induced dipole-dipole interactions are weak and temporary, rather than stable bonds.